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Teaching & Learning Toolkit on

Gender-Based Violence

 

Gender based violence (GBV) happens when harm or violent behavior, actions, or practices are perpetrated against individuals based on their gender identity, gender expression, or perceived gender. It encompasses a range of physical, sexual, psychological, and economic abuses that are often rooted in unequal power dynamics and societal norms that reinforce gender inequalities. Women, girls, Two Spirit, trans and non-binary people are disproportionately affected by GBV due to additional discrimination and barriers they face in society. This can include women with disabilities, women who are refugees, Indigenous women, racialized women, trans and non-binary people, and women who are homeless or underhoused who may not have access to services that meet their specific needs. 


Experiences of GBV are very complex and can vary in many circumstances due to its intersections with culture, power, and systemic inequality. It is important to know gender-based violence is not only exclusive to intimate partner relationships but is also present between family members and workplace dynamics. Becoming aware of the signs is the first step in addressing unequal power dynamics and ending gender-based violence. 

Anderson, M. (2017).  Nikawiy Nitanis [painting]. Indigenous Art & Stories. Canada.


Black, J. (2010). The Redress Project [art installation project]. Canadian Museum of Human Rights, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.


Gibson, J. (2020). I am your relative [exhibition]. MOCA, Toronto. 


Gibson, J. (2020). She was a beautiful boy [mixed media]. Los Angeles.


Grainger, M. (2019). Memorial for Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls [sculpture]. National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls.


Johal, s. (September 8-30, 2017). Rest In Power [art collection]. The Gam Gallery, Vancouver, BC. 


Littlechild, G. (2023). Two-Spirit in the City [gallery]. George Littlechild.


Littlechild, M. (2014). Mihkwakanihkan [painting]. Indigenous Art & Stories, Canada.


Monkman, K. (2019). Mistikôsiwak (Wooden Boat People): Resurgence of the People [painting]. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. 


Twist, A. (2020). Post Emo Theory. Canadian Art.


Walking with our sisters [art installation]. (2012-2019). Ontario, Canada.


(2023). What is Trans Liberation? Instagram.


Assih, G.M. (2020). Into the Light [Film]. National Film Board of Canada.


MacPherson, E & Vermette, K. (2016). This River. [Film]. National Film Board of Canada.


Tailfeathers, E.M. (Elle-Maija Tailfeathers). (2020). The Body Remembers when the World Broke Open [film]. CBC.


Welsh, C. (2006) Finding Dawn [film]. National Film Board of Canada. 



Documentaries


Knott, Helen. (2017). Peace River Rising: The link between violence against Indigenous women and violence against the land [Short Documentary]. CBC.


Hale, Leya. (2022). Bring Her Home [Documentary]. Twin Cities Public Television. 



Videos


Context. (2020, Jan 8). The Indigenous Doctor Helping Trans Youth [video]. YouTube


Native report. (2022, Apr. 8). Two-Spirit Identity: We hear from a proud two-spirited Native, as well as a scholar [Video]. YouTube. 


Our Stories. (2018, Jun 18). Ma-Nee Chacaby talks about Two-Spirit identities. [video]. YouTube. 


Steiner, L. Morgan. (2013). Ted: Why Domestic Violence Victims Don't Leave. [video]. Youtube.


Them. (2018, Dec 18). What Does "Two-Spirit" Mean? [video]. Youtube. 


The Walrus. (2017, Mar 3). Indigenous Women and the Story of Canada. [video]. YouTube.


 Western. (2021, May 18). 2SLGBTQ+ Inclusive trauma-informed care. Learning Network.


Canadian Womens Foundation. (2023). Signal For Help [podcast]. Media Girlfriends.  

  • Ep.5: Brandi: A personal mission to report on MMIWG 
  • Episode 6: Supporting Trans Communities and Fighting Gender-Based Violence 


Dicks, A. (Host). (2023). Shifting Power: A Communities for Gender Podcast [audio podcast]. Community Foundations of Canada.


Keene, A., & Wilbur, M. (Hosts). (2019- present). All My Relations [Audio Podcast]. Speakout.

  • Episode: Protect Indigenous Women
  • Episode: Indigiqueer 


Jen and Roz. (Hosts). (2020-present). The Feminist Shift. [Audio Podcast]. Feminist Shift. 

  • Ep. 7: Where Statistics and Family Experience Meet: GBV in Indigenous Communities. 
  • Ep. 8: Disability and Gender-Based Violence 
  •  Ep. 6: Supporting Trans Communities and Fighting Gender-Based Violence 
  •  Ep. 4: Sex Work and the Charter Challenge


Jones, I. (Host). (2020 - present). TransLash Podcast with Imari Jones [audio podcast]. TransLash Media.


Labrador, C. (Host). (2023). Creating Communities of Care [audio podcast]. Spotify.

  •  Ep. 2: The African Nova Scotian Community 
  •  Ep. 3: The Urban Indigenous Community


 Masters, J. (Host). (2016-present). LGBTQ&A [audio podcast]. Spotify.

  •  Ep. 3: The Urban Indigenous Community


Mayne, J. (Host). (2020 - present). She is your Neighbour [audio podcast]. Womens Crisis Services of the Waterloo Region. 


Milgroom, J. (Host). A Journey Through Feminist Agroecology: Where Indigenous Feminisms and Food Sovereignties Meet. [audio podcast]. CIDSE & AgroecologyNOW-CAWR.


Stonechild, S. (Host). (2021-present). Matriarch Movement  [audio podcast].


Walker, C. (Host). (2018). Missing & Murdered: Finding Cleo [audio podcast]. CBC.


Walker, C. (Host). (2021). Stolen Season 1: The Search for Jermain. [audio podcast]. Gimlet Media.


 Anderson, K. (2000). A Recognition Of Being: Reconstructing Native Womanhood. Canadian Scholars Publishing. 


Aymer, S. (2021). Intimate Partner Violence: Clinical Interventions with Partners and Their Children. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.


Belcourt, B.R. (2021). A History of My Brief Body. Penguin Random House Canada. 


Belcourt, B.R. (2019). NDN Coping Mechanisms. House of Anansi Publishing.


Campbell, M. (973. Halfbreed. McClelland & Stewart publishing.


 Chacaby, M., Plummer, M.L. (2016). A two -Spirit Journey: The Autobiography of Lesbian Ojibwa-Cree Elder. University of Manitoba Press. 


Cooper Diallo, H. (2021). #BlackInSchool. University of Regina Press.


Daniels, C. (2015). Bearskin Diary. Harbour Publishing. 


Elliott, A. (2020). A Mind Spread out on the Ground. Doubleday Canada.


Emezi, A. (2018). Freshwater. Grove Press. 


 Fox, B. (2020). Genocidal Love: A life After Residential School. University of Regina Press. 


Gelles, R. (2016). Intimate Violence and Abuse in Families (4th ed.). Oxford University Pres


 Green, J. (2017). Making Space for Indigenous Feminism, 2nd edition. Fernwood Publishing. 


Guadalupe-Diaz. X.L. (2019). Transgressed: Intimate Partner Violence in Transgender Lives. NYU Press.


Hannem, S. (2022). Defining Sexual Misconduct: Power, Media, and #METOO. University of Regina Press. 


Holtmann, C., O'Donnell, S. (2023). Ending Gender-Based violence: harnessing research for social change. Captus university publishing.


Knott, H. 2020. In my Own Moccasins: A Memoir of Resilience. University of Regina Press. 


Maracle, L. (19960. I am Woman: A Native Perspective on Sociology and Feminism. Vancouver: Press Gang Publishers. 


McManimon & García. (2011). Gendered Justice: Intimate Partner Violence and the Criminal Justice System. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 


Ritchie, A. (2017). Invisible No More: police violence against black women and women of colour. Beacon Press. 


Simpson, J. (2020). It was never going to be Okay. Nightwood Editions.


Smiley, C. (2023). Not Sacred, Not Squaws: Indigenous Feminisms Redefined. Spinifex Press.


Sterritt, A. (2023). Unbroken: My fight for survival, Hope, Justice for Indigenous Women and Girls. Greystone Books.


Snyder, R. (2020). No Visible Bruises: what we don’t know about domestic violence can kill us. Bloomsbury. 


Shraya, V. (2018). I'm Afraid of Men. Penguin Canada. 


Travers, A. (2018). The Trans Generation: How Trans Kids (and their parents) are Creating a Gender Revolution. University of Regina Press. 


Twist, A. (2019). Disintegrate/Dissociate. Arsenal Pulp Press. 


Bacigal, L. (2020, Dec 28). What is gender-based environmental violence. Briarpatch. 


Gallant, C. (2021). The Future is Indigiqueer. Xtra. 


Swan-Perkins, S.W. (2018). Two-Spirit Heroes who paved the way for today's Native LGBTQ+ community. KQED.


Perrier, C. (2019, July 4). What the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls means for Two-Spirit People. Xtra.


Velandia, S. (2020, September 8). How Indigenous women in Canada heal through art. Global Voices.


 Willis, R. (May 28, 2019). #UsToo: We Must Expand the Conversation on Sexual Violence. INTO. 


Canadian Femicide Observatory for Justice and Accountability (2021). #CallItFemicide: Understanding sex/gender-related killings of women and girls in Canada. CFOJA.


 Learning Network. (2023). Domestic Homicide, Gender-related Homicide and Femicide: Making Sense of the Terms. Western University Centre for Research & Education on Violence Against Women & Children.


Metrac Action on violence. (2007). The Ins and Outs of Dating Violence. METRAC. 


 Metrac action on violence. (2009). Wife assault & family violence from the Native Perspective: Not just a woman’s issue. Metrac. 


 Women and Gender Equality Canada. (2021). Gender-based Violence (GBV) against Indigenous Peoples in Canada: A Snapshot [infographic]. Government of Canada. 


Bowleg, Lisa. (2013). Once you've blended the cake, you can't take the parts back to the main ingredients. Sex Roles. 


Collier, C.N. (2023). Gender-Based violence research in Canadian political science: A call to action. Cambridge University Press. vol.55, issue 4. pp: 769-789


Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color. Stanford Law Review. vol. 43, No. 6. pp: 1241-1249.


Moral, P. (2018). The Murders of Indigenous Women in Canada as Feminicides: Toward a Decolonial Intersectional Reconceptualization of Femicide. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and society, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 929-954. 


Nnawulezi, N.A. & Sullivan. C.M. (2014). Examining Contextual Influences on the Service Needs of Homeless and Unstably Housed Domestic Survivors. Sage Journals.


Razack, S. 2016. Gendering Disposability. Canadian Journal of Women and the Law 28(2):285-307.


Rollè, L., Giardina, G., et al. (2018). When Intimate Partner Violence Meets Same Sex Couples: A Review of Same Sex Intimate Partner Violence. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 1506. 


BWSS. (2020). The Road to Safety: Indigenous Survivors in BC Speak Out against Intimate Partner Violence during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Battered Women's Support Services. 


BWSS. (2022). Colour of Violence: Race, Gender & Anti-Violence Services. Battered Women Support Services. 


Chair, B.C. (2019). The Health of LGBTQIA2 communities in Canada: Report of the Standing Committee on Health. Community Based Research Centre. 


Hunt, S. (2016). An Introduction to the Health of Two-Spirit People: Historical Contemporary and Emergent Issues. National Collaborating Centre for Indigenous Health. 


Reclaiming Power and Place: The Final Report of the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girl


In Brief: National Action Plan to End Gender-Based Violence. (2022). Government of Canada.


Reclaiming Power and Place: The Final Report of the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls


2021 Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women, Girls, and 2SLGBTQQIA+ People National Action Plan: Ending Violence Against Indigenous Women, Girls, and 2SLGBTQQIA+ People (June, 2021). 


2022 Progress Report on the Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women, Girls, and 2SLGBTQQIA+ People National Action Plan (May, 2022)


Canadian Statistics

“More than 4 in 10 women have experienced some form of intimate partner violence in their lifetime. In 2018, 44% of women in an intimate partner relationship reported experiencing some form of psychological, physical, or sexual violence by an intimate partner in their lifetime” (Statistics Canada, 2021).

 “Indigenous women and girls are 12 times more likely to be murdered or missing than any other women in Canada, and 16 times more likely than white women" (National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls, 2019).

“Women and girls with disabilities are at a high risk of experiencing gender-based and other forms of violence due to social stereotypes that often serve to reduce their agency by infantilizing, dehumanizing and isolating them, making them vulnerable to various forms of violence, including institutional violence” (Disabled Women’s Network of Canada, 2014).

“Immigrant women may be more vulnerable to domestic violence due to economic dependence, language barriers, and a lack of knowledge about community resources. Newcomers traumatized by war or oppressive governments are much less likely to report physical or sexual violence to authorities, for fear of further victimization and deportation” (Rupaleem Bhuyan et al., University of Toronto, 2014).

“Transgender people were more likely to have experienced violence since age 15, and also more likely to experience inappropriate behaviors in public, online and at work than cisgender Canadians” (Brianna Jaffray, Statistics Canada, 2018).

“Women who identify as lesbian or bisexual are three to four times more likely than heterosexual women to report experiencing spousal violence” (Laura Simpson, Statistics Canada, 2018)

Copyright © 2023 VANCOUVER ABORIGINAL FRIENDSHIP CENTRE SOCIETY - All Rights Reserved.

VAFCS recognizes and acknowledges that their office rests on the traditional and ancestral territories of the xʷməθkwəy̓əm (Musqueam), Skwxwú7mesh (Squamish), and Səl̓ílwətaʔ/Selilwitulh (Tsleil-Waututh) Peoples and supports all Indigenous peoples of Turtle Island. 


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